FINAL PROJECT

I chose to make a monopoly board of my journey through evolution as my final project

 

(here are the squares in case you can’t read them clearly)

 

FOCUSED MODE VS DIFFUSED MODE

• Two different types of learning
• Going back and forth between these modes can bring fresh insights 
• Thomas Edison would take a break and go into a diffused mode and when he would wake up and shift back into a focused mode, this would help him solve problems

   

 

MICROSCALE EVOLUTION

• Rapid evolution seen in soapberry bugs
• In Florida, the soap berry bugs used to be equipped with a long beak due to larger seed pods
• In 1970, new smaller seed pods were introduced here. In less than 50 years, soap berry bugs no exhibit a shorter beak size due to the smaller seed pods

HARDY WEINBURG

• Used as a base line to compare gene and allele frequencies
• Assumes that there is no selection, no mutations, no migration, a large population, random mating 

 

TYPES OF SELECTION

• DIRECTIONAL: one extreme is favored, this shifts the frequency to the favored extreme
• DISRUPTIVE: this shifts towards both extremes and away from the average
• STABILIZING: the average is selected for and leads to stabilization

 

GENETIC DRIFT

• In a population of caterpillars that experience a random even that kills all the purple caterpillars
• This does not mean pink had a higher fitness to survive this event, but the process is random

 

SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

• Two different population in the same location
• No boundaries between them, can lead to intermixing
• Requires a large reduction in gene flow and strong selection for speciation to occur
• Hybrids between species = unfavorable

BALANCING SELECTION:

• Multiple alleles being maintained in the population
• Leads to the heterozygote being the most advantageous
• You can see this with malaria and sickle cell anemia
• The fitness of an individual with a heterozygote allele for malaria and sickle cell anemia is the most advantageous and this way both alleles remain in the population 

 

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY

• The ability of an individual to change its phenotype to be a better fit and thrive in a certain environment
• In a study, when non-lava flow rock lizards were transported to lava rocks, over time the lizards changed to a darker phenotype to better survive in the new environment

HALDANE’S RULE

• If you can cross two species only one sex is inviable or sterile
• That sex is more likely to be the heterogametic sex
• XY , ZW, XO

DRIVERS OF SEXUAL SELECTION

• The disparity among gametic production in females and males leads to females becoming a limiting resource
• This leads to resource obtaining behaviors in males due to the limitation in females